农业用地土壤重金属样本点数据精化方法——以北京市顺义区为例

样本点空间分布是样点数据检测评价和挖掘分析的关键因素。以北京市顺义区为例，研发了一种农业用地土壤重金属样本点数据精化方法：首先构建样本点均匀变异指数和均匀因子离散图来共同检测样本点数据均匀性，进一步将样本点类型划分为均匀样本点、聚集样本点和稀疏样本点并确定其数量；其次删除聚集样本点，基于研究区历史数据加密稀疏样本点；最后基于地理空间样本点均匀变异指数、特征空间偏离指数和插值误差共同评价数据精化效果。结果表明，研究区样本点的均匀变异指数为0.429，存在一个聚集样本点和一个稀疏样本点，空间偏离指数为0.327，空间属性插值误差为6.538；冗余数据精化后进行均匀性检测没有发现聚集样本点和稀疏样本点，均匀变异指数下降到0.406，特征空间偏离指数微弱下降，空间属性插值误差下降到6.357。研究表明该方法可以对提高采样数据的均匀性和代表性提供理论指导，可以服务于土壤污染防治行动计划（土十条）、土壤污染状况详查等，为更加精确研究土壤空间信息变化提供一定的基础条件。     

利用CRISPR/Cas9系统编辑日本结缕草ZjSGR基因技术研究

日本结缕草(Zoysia japonica)是一种常见的具有众多优良性状的暖季型草种,秋冬季节在我国北方地区会较早出现叶片脱绿现象,在一定程度上限制了日本结缕草在北方的大面积使用。ZjSGR是从结缕草中分离出来的一种衰老诱导基因,负调控叶片滞绿性状。本研究利用CRISPR/Cas9系统,通过基因枪介导的遗传转化方法实现对日本结缕草ZjSGR基因的编辑,经测序验证获得1株单碱基缺失突变植株。突变植株叶片深绿,在正常生长温度(28~30℃)条件下,和对照相比,叶绿素含量更高(P<0.05)。本研究为进一步阐述ZjSGR基因在日本结缕草滞绿性状调控中的作用机理提供了基础研究材料,也为培育日本结缕草滞绿品种育种工作奠定了基础。     

卷丹转基因体系构建及岷江百合LrCCoAOMT的导入

以卷丹（Lilium lancifolium Thunb.）无菌小鳞片为试材，通过切片处理、优化农杆菌侵染浓度与时间以及重悬液和共培养基成分，构建农杆菌介导的高效遗传转化体系。结果表明，MS + 1.5 mg ? L-1 6-BA + 0.5 mg ? L-1 NAA + 30 g ? L-1蔗糖是切片芽分化的最佳培养基，添加100 mg ? L-1抗坏血酸能有效抑制褐化并促进不定芽增殖。MS + 2.0 mg ? L-1 NAA + 30 g ? L-1蔗糖是生根诱导的最佳培养基。抗生素敏感性测试发现，培养基中添加Kan 100 mg ? L-1或Hyg 75 mg ? L-1 结合Cef 400 mg ? L-1适宜抗性筛选。GUS染色分析表明，以去除大量元素的改良MS + 100 μmol ? L-1 AS和去除大量元素的改良MS + 1.0 mg ? L-1 6-BA + 1.0 mg ? L-1 NAA + 100 μmol ? L-1 AS为重悬液和共培养基，将切片在农杆菌菌液浓度OD600为0.4，侵染15 min，获得81.72% 瞬时转化率和25.2% 稳定遗传转化率。将岷江百合LrCCoAOMT转化卷丹，分子检测和GUS染色分析表明已获得转基因阳性株系。     

九连山国家森林公园负氧离子浓度时空变化及影响要素研究

负氧离子不仅对空气质量具有改善作用，而且对人体健康起到重要的影响。通过连续观测九连山国家森林公园空气负氧离子浓度，分析负氧离子浓度的时空变化规律及与各气象要素之间的相互关系。结果表明，九连山国家森林公园负氧离子浓度水平达到Ⅰ级标准，对人体健康极有利。原始阔叶林中负氧离子浓度明显高于人工林中负氧离子的浓度，且原始阔叶林和人工林中负氧离子浓度都呈现夏秋高于冬春，夏季最高，冬季最低；早晚浓度明显高于白天浓度的规律。因此九连山国家森林公园适合出游时间为夏秋季，且上午或傍晚最佳。此外，负氧离子的浓度与空气温度、湿度以及降水量都有明显的相关性，同时也受其他气象因素的影响。这些结果可以为推进森林旅游业的建设提供科学支持，特别是自然保护区内负氧离子资源和旅游产品的开发。     

Regional distribution of wheat yield and chemical fertilizer requirements in China

Quantification of currently attainable yield and fertilizer requirements can provide detailed information for assessing the food supply capacity and offer data support for agricultural decision-making. Datasets from a total of 5 408 field experiments were collected from 2000 to 2015 across the major wheat production regions in China to analyze the spatial distribution of wheat yield, the soil nutrient supply capacity(represented by relative yield, defined as the ratio of the yield under the omission of one of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P) and potassium(K) to the yield under the full NPK fertilizer application), and N, P and K fertilizer requirements by combining the kriging interpolation method with the Nutrient Expert Decision Support System for Wheat. The results indicated that the average attainable yield was 6.4 t ha~(-1), with a coefficient of variation(CV) of 24.9% across all sites. The yields in North-central China(NCC) and the northern part of the Middle and Lower reaches of the Yangtze River(MLYR) were generally higher than 7 t ha~(-1), whereas the yields in Southwest China(SWC), Northeast China(NEC), and the eastern part of Northwest China(NWC) were usually less than 6 t ha~(-1). The precentage of area having a relative yield above 0.70, 0.85, and 0.85 for N, P, and K fertilizers accounted for 52.3, 74.7, and 95.9%, respectively. Variation existed in N, P, and K fertilizer requirements, with a CV of 24.8, 23.9, and 29.9%, respectively, across all sites. More fertilizer was needed in NCC and the northern part of the MLYR than in other regions. The average fertilizer requirement was 162, 72, and 57 kg ha~(-1) for N, P_2O_5, and K_2O fertilizers, respectively, across all sites. The incorporation of the spatial variation of attainable yield and fertilizer requirements into wheat production practices would benefit sustainable wheat production and environmental safety.     

“一分钟游程”构园法则的适用性研究

“一分钟游程”构园法则将人的视觉感受与园林组景共同考虑,以25~30 m作为组景转换的理想距离,对游路结构进行反复烘托与不断强化,从而形成柔和、丰富的“构景曲线”。选择南北方各具代表性的苏州沧浪亭和北京恭王府花园,分析其园林的景观布局,对比园林空间序列的“起”“承”“转”“合”间距。结果表明,“一分钟游程”构园法则在南方私家园林及北方皇家园林中同样适用,为今后的游线组织与组景布设提供了设计参考。     

Development and identification of glyphosate-tolerant transgenic soybean via direct selection with glyphosate

Glyphosate-tolerant soybean is the most widely planted genetically modified crop worldwide. However, soybean remains recalcitrant to routine transformation because of the low infection efficiency of Agrobacterium to soybean and lack of useful selectable markers. In this study, several Agrobacterium strains and cell densities were compared by transient expression of the GUS gene. The results showed that Agrobacterium strain Ag10 at cell densities of OD_(600) of 0.6–0.9 yielded the highest infection efficiency in Agrobacterium-mediated soybean cotyledonary node transformation system. Meanwhile, a simple and rapid method was developed for identification of glyphosate tolerance in putative T_0 transgenic plants, consisting of spotting plantlets with 1 μL Roundup~?. The whole cycle of genetic transformation could be shortened to about 3 mon by highly efficient selection with glyphosate during the transformation process and application of the spot assay in putative T_0 transgenic plantlets. The transformation frequency ranged from 2.9 to 5.6%. This study provides an improved protocol for development and identification of glyphosate-tolerant transgenic soybeans.     

国内土壤环境污染防治进程及展望

综述以中国2005—2019年土壤污染防治进程的3个阶段为主线,总结土壤污染防治发展过程中管理模式、治理体系、管控要求、机构改革、立法支持等5个方面重要转变,分析国家和地方土壤环境保护标准、法律法规政策和主要土壤污染治理成效。针对国内土壤污染防治未来发展趋势,从完善土壤环境标准及管理制度、建设监测及预警大数据平台、加强土壤生态环境国际合作、持续推进土壤修复技术攻关和先行区经验推广等方面提出建议,以期为生态环境高水平保护和经济社会高质量发展提供参考。